The Impact of Antibiotic Use on Immune Function and Gut Microbiota in Children Aged 1–5 Years
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Published:
Jul 29, 2024
Keywords:
Antibiotics, Immunity, Gut microbiota, Pediatric health, Immune function
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Articles
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Abstract
The use of antibiotics in young children has been linked to disruptions in gut microbiota and immune function, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to infections, allergies, and autoimmune conditions. This study aims to analyze the effects of antibiotics on the immunity of children aged 1–5 years, examining variations based on age, gender, and type of antibiotic used. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted involving 300 children aged 1–5 years. Participants' gut microbiota and immune parameters were assessed at baseline and monitored over a two-year period, with follow-up evaluations every six months. Data on antibiotic use, infections, allergic reactions, and autoimmune conditions were collected through parental reporting and medical records. Microbiota composition was analyzed using next-generation sequencing, and immune function was assessed via blood tests measuring T cells, B cells, and immunoglobulin levels. Antibiotic use led to significant reductions in gut microbiota diversity and altered immune cell populations, with younger children (1–2 years) experiencing more pronounced disruptions. Boys exhibited slightly higher sensitivity to these effects compared to girls. Broad-spectrum antibiotics caused more severe and prolonged microbiota and immune function disruptions than narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Children with frequent antibiotic exposure showed higher rates of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, as well as increased prevalence of allergic diseases and autoimmune conditions. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impacts and underlying mechanisms of antibiotic-induced immune changes.
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How to Cite
Putri, R. E., & Anisa, F. (2024). The Impact of Antibiotic Use on Immune Function and Gut Microbiota in Children Aged 1–5 Years. International Journal on ObGyn and Health Sciences, 2(3), 134–143. Retrieved from https://trigin.pelnus.ac.id/index.php/ObGyn/article/view/183
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Craig, J. C., Simpson, J. M., Williams, G. J., Lowe, A., Reynolds, G. J., McTaggart, S. J., Hodson, E. M., Carapetis, J. R., Cranswick, N. E., & Smith, G. (2009). Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(18), 1748–1759.
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Sihotang, H. T., Riandari, F., & Sihotang, J. (2024). Graph-based Exploration for Mining and Optimization of Yields (GEMOY Method). Jurnal Teknik Informatika CIT Medicom, 16(2), 70-81.
Sihotang, J., Amri, S., & Vinsensia, D. (2024). Exploring the intersection of HIV/AIDS knowledge and rapid testing attitudes in higher education: A student perspective. Community Service and Applied Research, 1(1), 18-29.
Sihotang, J., & Manalu, A. (2024). Strategi Pengawasan Orang Tua dalam Mengelola Waktu Bermain Gadget Anak di Desa Pancurbatu. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Nauli, 2(2), 65-72.
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Komolafe, O. O. (2003). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria-an emerging public health problem. Malawi Medical Journal, 15(2), 63–67.
Lamont, R. F., Luef, B. M., & Jørgensen, J. S. (2020). Childhood inflammatory and metabolic disease following exposure to antibiotics in pregnancy, antenatally, intrapartum and neonatally. F1000Research, 9.
Langdon, A., Crook, N., & Dantas, G. (2016). The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. Genome Medicine, 8, 1–16.
Levy, S. B. (2013). The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. Springer.
McKeever, T. M., Lewis, S. A., Smith, C., Collins, J., Heatlie, H., Frischer, M., & Hubbard, R. (2002). Early exposure to infections and antibiotics and the incidence of allergic disease: a birth cohort study with the West Midlands General Practice Research Database. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 109(1), 43–50.
Metzler, S., Frei, R., Schmaußer‐Hechfellner, E., von Mutius, E., Pekkanen, J., Karvonen, A. M., Kirjavainen, P. V, Dalphin, J., Divaret‐Chauveau, A., & Riedler, J. (2019). Association between antibiotic treatment during pregnancy and infancy and the development of allergic diseases. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 30(4), 423–433.
Niers, L., Stasse-Wolthuis, M., Rombouts, F. M., & Rijkers, G. T. (2007). Nutritional support for the infant’s immune system. Nutrition Reviews, 65(8), 347–360.
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Sihotang, J. (2019). Implementation of Gray Level Transformation Method for Sharping 2D Images. INFOKUM,
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Sihotang, J. (2020). Analysis of service satisfaction level using rough set algorithm. Infokum, 8(2, Juni), 55-56.
Sihotang, J. (2020). Analysis Of Shortest Path Determination By Utilizing Breadth First Search Algorithm. Jurnal
Info Sains: Informatika dan Sains, 10(2), 1-5.
Sihotang, J., Panjaitan, E. S., & Yunis, R. (2020). Evaluation of Information Technology Governance by Using CobIT
5 Framework at Higher Education. Jurnal Mantik, 4(3), 2194-2203.
Amri, S., & Sihotang, J. (2023). Impact of Poverty Reduction Programs on Healthcare Access in Remote Ar-eas:
Fostering Community Development for Sustainable Health. Law and Economics, 17(3), 170-185.
Shekhar, S., & Petersen, F. C. (2020). The dark side of antibiotics: adverse effects on the infant immune defense against infection. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 544460.
Stolfi, C., Maresca, C., Monteleone, G., & Laudisi, F. (2022). Implication of intestinal barrier dysfunction in gut dysbiosis and diseases. Biomedicines, 10(2), 289.
Yassour, M., Vatanen, T., Siljander, H., Hämäläinen, A.-M., Härkönen, T., Ryhänen, S. J., Franzosa, E. A., Vlamakis, H., Huttenhower, C., & Gevers, D. (2016). Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability. Science Translational Medicine, 8(343), 343ra81-343ra81.
Zhao, Q., & Elson, C. O. (2018). Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens. Immunology, 154(1), 28–37.
Bengmark, S. (2013). Gut microbiota, immune development and function. Pharmacological Research, 69(1), 87–113.
Coates, A. R. M., Hu, Y., Holt, J., & Yeh, P. (2020). Antibiotic combination therapy against resistant bacterial infections: synergy, rejuvenation and resistance reduction. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 18(1), 5–15.
Craig, J. C., Simpson, J. M., Williams, G. J., Lowe, A., Reynolds, G. J., McTaggart, S. J., Hodson, E. M., Carapetis, J. R., Cranswick, N. E., & Smith, G. (2009). Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(18), 1748–1759.
Dancer, S. J. (2004). How antibiotics can make us sick: the less obvious adverse effects of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4(10), 611–619.
Fierz, W. (2004). Challenge of personalized health care: to what extent is medicine already individualized and what are the future trends. Med Sci Monit, 10(5), 123.
Fong, W., Li, Q., & Yu, J. (2020). Gut microbiota modulation: a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Oncogene, 39(26), 4925–4943.
Fridman, W. H., Zitvogel, L., Sautès–Fridman, C., & Kroemer, G. (2017). The immune contexture in cancer prognosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 14(12), 717–734.
Gerber, J. S., Ross, R. K., Bryan, M., Localio, A. R., Szymczak, J. E., Wasserman, R., Barkman, D., Odeniyi, F., Conaboy, K., & Bell, L. (2017). Association of broad-vs narrow-spectrum antibiotics with treatment failure, adverse events, and quality of life in children with acute respiratory tract infections. Jama, 318(23), 2325–2336.
Sihotang, J., Alesha, A., Batubara, J., Gorat, S. E., & Panjaitan, F. S. (2022). A hybrid approach for adaptive fuzzy network partitioning and rule generation using rough set theory: Improving data-driven decision making through accurate and interpretable rules. International Journal of Enterprise Modelling, 16(1), 12-22.
Sihotang, J. (2023). Optimization of Inventory Ordering Decision in Retail Business using Exponential Smoothing Approach and Decision Support System. International Journal of Mechanical Computational and Manufacturing Research, 12(2), 46-52.
Sihotang, J. (2023). Analysis Of The Differences In The Use Of Zoom And Google Meet In Learning At Putra Abadi Langkat University. Instal: Jurnal Komputer, 15(02), 474-479.
Vinsensia, D., Amri, S., Sihotang, J., & Sihotang, H. T. (2024). New Method for Identification and Response to Infectious Disease Patterns Based on Comprehensive Health Service Data. MATRIK: Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer, 23(3), 581-590.
Sihotang, H. T., Riandari, F., & Sihotang, J. (2024). Graph-based Exploration for Mining and Optimization of Yields (GEMOY Method). Jurnal Teknik Informatika CIT Medicom, 16(2), 70-81.
Sihotang, J., Amri, S., & Vinsensia, D. (2024). Exploring the intersection of HIV/AIDS knowledge and rapid testing attitudes in higher education: A student perspective. Community Service and Applied Research, 1(1), 18-29.
Sihotang, J., & Manalu, A. (2024). Strategi Pengawasan Orang Tua dalam Mengelola Waktu Bermain Gadget Anak di Desa Pancurbatu. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Nauli, 2(2), 65-72.
Simbolon, R., Sihotang, W., & Sihotang, J. (2024). Tapping Ocean Potential: Strategies for integrating tidal and wave energy into national power grids. GEMOY: Green Energy Management and Optimization Yields, 1(1), 49-65.
Hand, T. W., Vujkovic-Cvijin, I., Ridaura, V. K., & Belkaid, Y. (2016). Linking the microbiota, chronic disease, and the immune system. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27(12), 831–843.
Jernberg, C., Lofmark, S., Edlund, C., & Jansson, J. K. (2010). Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota. Microbiology, 156(11), 3216–3223.
Khan, M. F., & Wang, H. (2020). Environmental exposures and autoimmune diseases: contribution of gut microbiome. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 3094.
Komolafe, O. O. (2003). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria-an emerging public health problem. Malawi Medical Journal, 15(2), 63–67.
Lamont, R. F., Luef, B. M., & Jørgensen, J. S. (2020). Childhood inflammatory and metabolic disease following exposure to antibiotics in pregnancy, antenatally, intrapartum and neonatally. F1000Research, 9.
Langdon, A., Crook, N., & Dantas, G. (2016). The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. Genome Medicine, 8, 1–16.
Levy, S. B. (2013). The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. Springer.
McKeever, T. M., Lewis, S. A., Smith, C., Collins, J., Heatlie, H., Frischer, M., & Hubbard, R. (2002). Early exposure to infections and antibiotics and the incidence of allergic disease: a birth cohort study with the West Midlands General Practice Research Database. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 109(1), 43–50.
Metzler, S., Frei, R., Schmaußer‐Hechfellner, E., von Mutius, E., Pekkanen, J., Karvonen, A. M., Kirjavainen, P. V, Dalphin, J., Divaret‐Chauveau, A., & Riedler, J. (2019). Association between antibiotic treatment during pregnancy and infancy and the development of allergic diseases. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 30(4), 423–433.
Niers, L., Stasse-Wolthuis, M., Rombouts, F. M., & Rijkers, G. T. (2007). Nutritional support for the infant’s immune system. Nutrition Reviews, 65(8), 347–360.
Permission, P. (1995). Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 95(2).
Schmidt, M. A. (2009). Beyond antibiotics: Strategies for living in a world of emerging infections and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. North Atlantic Books.
Shao, X., Ding, X., Wang, B., Li, L., An, X., Yao, Q., Song, R., & Zhang, J. (2017). Antibiotic exposure in early life increases risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8, 170.
Sihotang, J. (2019). Implementation of Gray Level Transformation Method for Sharping 2D Images. INFOKUM,
8(1, Desembe), 16-19.
Sihotang, J. (2020). Analysis of service satisfaction level using rough set algorithm. Infokum, 8(2, Juni), 55-56.
Sihotang, J. (2020). Analysis Of Shortest Path Determination By Utilizing Breadth First Search Algorithm. Jurnal
Info Sains: Informatika dan Sains, 10(2), 1-5.
Sihotang, J., Panjaitan, E. S., & Yunis, R. (2020). Evaluation of Information Technology Governance by Using CobIT
5 Framework at Higher Education. Jurnal Mantik, 4(3), 2194-2203.
Amri, S., & Sihotang, J. (2023). Impact of Poverty Reduction Programs on Healthcare Access in Remote Ar-eas:
Fostering Community Development for Sustainable Health. Law and Economics, 17(3), 170-185.
Shekhar, S., & Petersen, F. C. (2020). The dark side of antibiotics: adverse effects on the infant immune defense against infection. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 544460.
Stolfi, C., Maresca, C., Monteleone, G., & Laudisi, F. (2022). Implication of intestinal barrier dysfunction in gut dysbiosis and diseases. Biomedicines, 10(2), 289.
Yassour, M., Vatanen, T., Siljander, H., Hämäläinen, A.-M., Härkönen, T., Ryhänen, S. J., Franzosa, E. A., Vlamakis, H., Huttenhower, C., & Gevers, D. (2016). Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability. Science Translational Medicine, 8(343), 343ra81-343ra81.
Zhao, Q., & Elson, C. O. (2018). Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens. Immunology, 154(1), 28–37.
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