The Relationship Between Duration of Contraceptive Implant Use and Changes in Body Weight: A Longitudinal Study
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Published:
Mar 30, 2025
Keywords:
Contraceptive implants, Weight gain, Hormonal contraception, Lifestyle factors, Reproductive health
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Articles
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Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the duration of contraceptive implant use and changes in body weight, addressing a common concern among users of hormonal contraception. Conducted as a longitudinal observational study, the research involved 150 participants aged 18-45 who were monitored over two years. Data on body weight, lifestyle factors, and implant usage duration were collected through regular follow-ups and analyzed using statistical techniques to identify correlations and trends. The findings revealed a moderate positive correlation between the length of implant use and weight gain, with participants experiencing an average increase of 3.8 kg over 24 months. Key contributing factors included sedentary lifestyles, higher caloric intake, and younger age. The study also identified challenges in isolating the effects of implants from other variables influencing weight, as well as potential biases in self-reported data on diet and physical activity. The results underscore the importance of personalized counseling by healthcare providers to address weight-related side effects and encourage healthy lifestyle habits among implant users. While the study confirms existing evidence of progressive weight gain associated with contraceptive implants, it also highlights the need for further research to refine the understanding of this relationship and develop strategies for mitigating side effects. This research contributes to informed decision-making for both users and healthcare professionals, promoting better reproductive health outcomes.
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How to Cite
Novitasari, B., & Anastasya, R. (2025). The Relationship Between Duration of Contraceptive Implant Use and Changes in Body Weight: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal on ObGyn and Health Sciences, 3(2), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.35335/obgyn.v3i2.208
References
Beksinska, M. E., Smit, J. A., & Guidozzi, F. (2011). Weight change and hormonal contraception: fact and fiction. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 6(1), 45–56.
Bongers, P., & Jansen, A. (2016). Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1932.
Breech, L. L., & Braverman, P. K. (2010). Safety, efficacy, actions, and patient acceptability of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive pills in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. International Journal of Women’s Health, 85–95.
Campbell II, T. M. (2004). The China study: the most comprehensive study of nutrition ever conducted and the startling implications for diet, weight loss and long-term health. BenBella Books, Inc.
Chuang, S. K., Wei, L. J., Douglass, C. W., & Dodson, T. B. (2002). Risk factors for dental implant failure: a strategy for the analysis of clustered failure-time observations. Journal of Dental Research, 81(8), 572–577.
Cipriani, S., Todisco, T., Scavello, I., Di Stasi, V., Maseroli, E., & Vignozzi, L. (2020). Obesity and hormonal contraception: an overview and a clinician’s practical guide. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 1129–1140.
Daniels, K., Daugherty, J. D., & Mosher, W. D. (2015). Current contraceptive use and variation by selected characteristics among women aged 15-44: United States, 2011-2013.
Diemberger, I., Biffi, M., Martignani, C., & Boriani, G. (2011). From lead management to implanted patient management: indications to lead extraction in pacemaker and cardioverter–defibrillator systems. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 8(2), 235–255.
Glasier, A. (2002). Implantable contraceptives for women: effectiveness, discontinuation rates, return of fertility, and outcome of pregnancies. Contraception, 65(1), 29–37.
Hindricks, G., Taborsky, M., Glikson, M., Heinrich, U., Schumacher, B., Katz, A., Brachmann, J., Lewalter, T., Goette, A., & Block, M. (2014). Implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 384(9943), 583–590.
Hurley, J. C., & Underwood, M. K. (2002). Children’s understanding of their research rights before and after debriefing: Informed assent, confidentiality, and stopping participation. Child Development, 73(1), 132–143.
Jonasson, G., Jonasson, L., & Kiliaridis, S. (2006). Changes in the radiographic characteristics of the mandibular alveolar process in dentate women with varying bone mineral density: a 5-year prospective study. Bone, 38(5), 714–721.
Karayiannis, D., Kontogianni, M. D., Mendorou, C., Mastrominas, M., & Yiannakouris, N. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility. Human Reproduction, 33(3), 494–502.
Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23–42.
Lee, J.-H., Frias, V., Lee, K.-W., & Wright, R. F. (2005). Effect of implant size and shape on implant success rates: a literature review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 94(4), 377–381.
Lopez, L. M., Bernholc, A., Chen, M., Grey, T. W., Otterness, C., Westhoff, C., Edelman, A., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2016). Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
Lopez, L. M., Ramesh, S., Chen, M., Edelman, A., Otterness, C., Trussell, J., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2016). Progestin‐only contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
McClung, H. L., Ptomey, L. T., Shook, R. P., Aggarwal, A., Gorczyca, A. M., Sazonov, E. S., Becofsky, K., Weiss, R., & Das, S. K. (2018). Dietary intake and physical activity assessment: current tools, techniques, and technologies for use in adult populations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(4), e93–e104.
McMurray, R. G., Harrell, J. S., Deng, S., Bradley, C. B., Cox, L. M., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2000). The influence of physical activity, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on the weight status of adolescents. Obesity Research, 8(2), 130–139.
Olds, T. S., Gomersall, S. R., Olds, S. T., & Ridley, K. (2019). A source of systematic bias in self-reported physical activity: the cutpoint bias hypothesis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(8), 924–928.
Petersen, S. (2017). Human subject review standards and procedures in international research: Critical ethical and cultural issues and recommendations. International Perspectives in Psychology, 6(3), 165–178.
Stoddard, A., McNicholas, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2011). Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception. Drugs, 71, 969–980.
Streeter, A. J., Lin, N. X., Crathorne, L., Haasova, M., Hyde, C., Melzer, D., & Henley, W. E. (2017). Adjusting for unmeasured confounding in nonrandomized longitudinal studies: a methodological review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 87, 23–34.
Testori, T., Wiseman, L., Woolfe, S., & Porter, S. S. (2001). A prospective multicenter clinical study of the Osseotite implant: four-year interim report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 16(2).
Vanclay, F., Baines, J. T., & Taylor, C. N. (2013). Principles for ethical research involving humans: ethical professional practice in impact assessment Part I. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 31(4), 243–253.
Wang, Q., Würtz, P., Auro, K., Morin-Papunen, L., Kangas, A. J., Soininen, P., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Joensuu, A., & Havulinna, A. S. (2016). Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(5), 1445–1457.
Warholm, L., Petersen, K. R., & Ravn, P. (2012). Combined oral contraceptives’ influence on weight, body composition, height, and bone mineral density in girls younger than 18 years: a systematic review. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 17(4), 245–253.
Yeakey, M. P., Muntifering, C. J., Ramachandran, D. V, Myint, Y., Creanga, A. A., & Tsui, A. O. (2009). How contraceptive use affects birth intervals: results of a literature review. Studies in Family Planning, 40(3), 205–214.
Zeni Jr, J. A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2010). Most patients gain weight in the 2 years after total knee arthroplasty: comparison to a healthy control group. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 18(4), 510–514.
Bongers, P., & Jansen, A. (2016). Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1932.
Breech, L. L., & Braverman, P. K. (2010). Safety, efficacy, actions, and patient acceptability of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive pills in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. International Journal of Women’s Health, 85–95.
Campbell II, T. M. (2004). The China study: the most comprehensive study of nutrition ever conducted and the startling implications for diet, weight loss and long-term health. BenBella Books, Inc.
Chuang, S. K., Wei, L. J., Douglass, C. W., & Dodson, T. B. (2002). Risk factors for dental implant failure: a strategy for the analysis of clustered failure-time observations. Journal of Dental Research, 81(8), 572–577.
Cipriani, S., Todisco, T., Scavello, I., Di Stasi, V., Maseroli, E., & Vignozzi, L. (2020). Obesity and hormonal contraception: an overview and a clinician’s practical guide. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 1129–1140.
Daniels, K., Daugherty, J. D., & Mosher, W. D. (2015). Current contraceptive use and variation by selected characteristics among women aged 15-44: United States, 2011-2013.
Diemberger, I., Biffi, M., Martignani, C., & Boriani, G. (2011). From lead management to implanted patient management: indications to lead extraction in pacemaker and cardioverter–defibrillator systems. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 8(2), 235–255.
Glasier, A. (2002). Implantable contraceptives for women: effectiveness, discontinuation rates, return of fertility, and outcome of pregnancies. Contraception, 65(1), 29–37.
Hindricks, G., Taborsky, M., Glikson, M., Heinrich, U., Schumacher, B., Katz, A., Brachmann, J., Lewalter, T., Goette, A., & Block, M. (2014). Implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 384(9943), 583–590.
Hurley, J. C., & Underwood, M. K. (2002). Children’s understanding of their research rights before and after debriefing: Informed assent, confidentiality, and stopping participation. Child Development, 73(1), 132–143.
Jonasson, G., Jonasson, L., & Kiliaridis, S. (2006). Changes in the radiographic characteristics of the mandibular alveolar process in dentate women with varying bone mineral density: a 5-year prospective study. Bone, 38(5), 714–721.
Karayiannis, D., Kontogianni, M. D., Mendorou, C., Mastrominas, M., & Yiannakouris, N. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility. Human Reproduction, 33(3), 494–502.
Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23–42.
Lee, J.-H., Frias, V., Lee, K.-W., & Wright, R. F. (2005). Effect of implant size and shape on implant success rates: a literature review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 94(4), 377–381.
Lopez, L. M., Bernholc, A., Chen, M., Grey, T. W., Otterness, C., Westhoff, C., Edelman, A., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2016). Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
Lopez, L. M., Ramesh, S., Chen, M., Edelman, A., Otterness, C., Trussell, J., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2016). Progestin‐only contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
McClung, H. L., Ptomey, L. T., Shook, R. P., Aggarwal, A., Gorczyca, A. M., Sazonov, E. S., Becofsky, K., Weiss, R., & Das, S. K. (2018). Dietary intake and physical activity assessment: current tools, techniques, and technologies for use in adult populations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(4), e93–e104.
McMurray, R. G., Harrell, J. S., Deng, S., Bradley, C. B., Cox, L. M., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2000). The influence of physical activity, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on the weight status of adolescents. Obesity Research, 8(2), 130–139.
Olds, T. S., Gomersall, S. R., Olds, S. T., & Ridley, K. (2019). A source of systematic bias in self-reported physical activity: the cutpoint bias hypothesis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(8), 924–928.
Petersen, S. (2017). Human subject review standards and procedures in international research: Critical ethical and cultural issues and recommendations. International Perspectives in Psychology, 6(3), 165–178.
Stoddard, A., McNicholas, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2011). Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception. Drugs, 71, 969–980.
Streeter, A. J., Lin, N. X., Crathorne, L., Haasova, M., Hyde, C., Melzer, D., & Henley, W. E. (2017). Adjusting for unmeasured confounding in nonrandomized longitudinal studies: a methodological review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 87, 23–34.
Testori, T., Wiseman, L., Woolfe, S., & Porter, S. S. (2001). A prospective multicenter clinical study of the Osseotite implant: four-year interim report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 16(2).
Vanclay, F., Baines, J. T., & Taylor, C. N. (2013). Principles for ethical research involving humans: ethical professional practice in impact assessment Part I. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 31(4), 243–253.
Wang, Q., Würtz, P., Auro, K., Morin-Papunen, L., Kangas, A. J., Soininen, P., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Joensuu, A., & Havulinna, A. S. (2016). Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(5), 1445–1457.
Warholm, L., Petersen, K. R., & Ravn, P. (2012). Combined oral contraceptives’ influence on weight, body composition, height, and bone mineral density in girls younger than 18 years: a systematic review. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 17(4), 245–253.
Yeakey, M. P., Muntifering, C. J., Ramachandran, D. V, Myint, Y., Creanga, A. A., & Tsui, A. O. (2009). How contraceptive use affects birth intervals: results of a literature review. Studies in Family Planning, 40(3), 205–214.
Zeni Jr, J. A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2010). Most patients gain weight in the 2 years after total knee arthroplasty: comparison to a healthy control group. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 18(4), 510–514.
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